Generic virtual personal assistant platform

ABSTRACT

A method for assisting a user with one or more desired tasks is disclosed. For example, an executable, generic language understanding module and an executable, generic task reasoning module are provided for execution in the computer processing system. A set of run-time specifications is provided to the generic language understanding module and the generic task reasoning module, comprising one or more models specific to a domain. A language input is then received from a user, an intention of the user is determined with respect to one or more desired tasks, and the user is assisted with the one or more desired tasks, in accordance with the intention of the user.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS; BENEFIT CLAIM

This application claims the benefit as a Continuation of applicationSer. No. 15/399,070, filed Jan. 5, 2017; which is a Continuation ofapplication Ser. No. 14/754,937, filed Jun. 30, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No.9,575,964 issued Feb. 21, 2017; which is a Continuation of applicationSer. No. 13/314,965, filed Dec. 8, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,082,402issued Jul. 14, 2015; the entire contents of which is herebyincorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, under 35 U.S.C.§ 120. The Applicant hereby rescinds any disclaimer of claim scope inthe parent applications or the prosecution history thereof and advisesthe USPTO that the claims in this application may be broader than anyclaim in the parent applications.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to dialog-driven interactiveapplications, and relates more particularly to methods and apparatusesfor natural language interaction in dialog-driven interactiveapplications.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Various interactive applications allow a user to speak or enter text,sometimes including natural language, and have a dialog with acomputational entity. For example, an airline information system maycomprise a natural language interactive voice response (IVR) systemwhich interacts with a customer by providing a series of choices for thecustomer (e.g., by a recorded voice). The customer may select from amongvarious options by speaking a natural language response. For example, acustomer may request flight status information, reward mileage balanceinformation and upgrade status information. Additional options may bepresented to the customer in response to a selection of a prior option.For example, if a customer requests flight status information inresponse to an initial prerecorded greeting from the IVR system, anotherprerecorded announcement may prompt the user to state the flight number,date, departure and destination cities, or other pertinent information.In general, such interactive voice response systems are designed andbuilt with significant investment of time and money. In addition, thedesign of such systems often require specialized knowledge of computerprogramming and network design in addition to knowledge of specificsubject matter in which the system is deployed (e.g., in-depth knowledgeof airline services).

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to methods, computer-readable media andapparatuses, for assisting a user with one or more desired tasks withina domain. In one embodiment a method comprises providing an executable,generic language understanding module and an executable, generic taskreasoning module for execution in a computer processing system. In oneembodiment, a set of run-time specifications is provided to the genericlanguage understanding module and the generic task reasoning module,comprising one or more models specific to the domain. A language inputis then received from a user and an intention of the user is determinedwith respect to the one or more desired tasks from the language input.In one embodiment, the intention of the user is determined by thegeneric language understanding module utilizing the models specific tothe domain. The method next assists the user with the one or moredesired tasks, in accordance with the intention of the user. In oneembodiment, the user is assisted with the one or more desired tasks bythe generic task reasoning module, utilizing the models specific to thedomain.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The teachings of the present disclosure can be readily understood byconsidering the following detailed description in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary virtual personal assistant systemaccording to one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary plugged-in task flow, according to oneembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates a high-level block diagram of a network andassociated component devices suitable for use in performing thefunctions described herein;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method for assisting a user with one ormore desired tasks within a domain, according to one embodiment of thepresent disclosure; and

FIG. 5 illustrates a high-level block diagram of a general-purposecomputer suitable for use in performing the functions described herein.

To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have beenused, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common tothe figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to a virtual assistant tool forsupporting various dialog based applications (e.g., where a user canspeak or enter natural language text and have a dialog with acomputational entity). In particular, embodiments of the presentdisclosure relate to devices, systems and software that advanceartificial intelligence and speech recognition technology to supportfast and efficient development of virtual personal assistants thatunderstand a user's spoken and/or written input, perform tasks, andadapt to user preferences over time. In one embodiment, the presentdisclosure relates to a domain-independent, or generic virtual personalassistant platform that can be customized using plug-in domain-dependentcomponents. By separating a generic platform from domain-specificcharacteristics, a standard infrastructure is provided which can be usedto rapidly build and deploy virtual personal assistants for differentdomains, and allow the developers in each domain to focus only on thehigh-level requirements for their particular domain of interest. Ageneric virtual personal assistant platform according to the presentdisclosure supports dialog-based interactions allowing a user tocommunicate using a language input (e.g., natural language), either inspeech or text, as well as gestures, video, webpage interaction, imageinput, and other forms of input. The platform recognizes the languageinput and interprets the language input to determine an intent, performtasks, and provide replies (e.g., in natural language).

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a generic virtualpersonal assistant engine or platform, which is domain independent. Adomain may comprise a particular application or task for which thegeneric virtual personal assistant platform is deployed and/or invoked.For example, one domain may comprise a telephone banking application.Another domain may comprise an online shopping system for a customer tointeract with a merchant and order products. In traditional, existingdialog-based applications, the software components which support naturallanguage understanding and reasoning are typically revised or re-writtenin order to handle the necessities of the domain of interest (e.g.,nomenclature, scenarios, business logic, etc.) on a case-by-case basis.For instance, particular necessities of a given domain (e.g., banking,merchandise sales, transportation information, ticket purchase, etc.)may be reflected In the system at many phases of the design. Incontrast, embodiments of the present disclosure implement anarchitectural separation between a domain independent (generic) virtualpersonal assistant platform and domain-specific models, or plug-incomponents: e.g., a domain-specific task flow model and one or moredomain-specific “language models.” The generic personal virtualassistant platform is “generic” insofar as it may potentially be used ina wide variety of domains, when provided with correspondingdomain-specific models as input, without the necessity of revising orrewriting source code of the generic platform.

Among other advantages, embodiments of the present disclosure allowseparation between a business expert who is responsible for defining anddescribing the relevant business flows in his domain, and the underlyingsoftware code that will execute in accordance with the business flows.Thus, a business flow expert need not be a programmer to define the flowof events that will be supported in a particular dialog or domain. Inone embodiment, one or more models specific to a domain may be generatedvia a computer-assisted development tool to convert a graphicalrepresentation of a task flow into a set of run-time specifications.

The business expert, or other system developers, may also definelanguage models for the domain of interest, such as a domain-specificgrammar and/or a domain-specific ontology. For example, such languagemodels may include definitions associating names of objects withhuman-understandable descriptions of what the names mean; classes,relations, functions and the like regarding such objects; and formalaxioms that constrain the interpretation of such terms. Additionaldomain-specific input models may include API's or specifications forcalls to services such as external websites, databases and legacysystems, etc. In any case, the language models, as well as the task flowmodels and any other domain-specific input models, preferably take theform of a set of run-time specifications that can be loaded and executedby one or more processors executing components of a generic virtualpersonal assistant engine. The run-time specifications may then used bythe generic virtual personal assistant to provide interactive assistanceand perform various tasks in the corresponding domain of interest. Inthe present disclosure, such domain-specific components (e.g., adomain-specific task flow and language models for use by the genericvirtual personal assistant platform) may individually or collectively bereferred to as domain-specific plug-ins, run-time specification(s) ormodel(s).

In one embodiment, the core of a generic virtual personal assistantplatform includes interpretation and reasoning components, such as asentence-level understanding module, a context-level interpreter and atask reasoner, that comprise the “brains” of the platform forinteraction and decision making. There may also be preliminary inputprocessing tools, such as a speech recognition engine or characterrecognition engine that take voice or writing (respectively) as an inputand provide text as output. Some embodiments may also receive andprocess additional contextual input, such as location data (e.g. GPS),various user characteristics (e.g. tone of voice, facial expressionetc.), and/or human supervisory input, for example as described inco-pending, commonly assigned international applicationsPCT/US20101047588, titled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TAILORING THE OUTPUTOF AN INTELLIGENT AUTOMATED ASSISTANT TO A USER, filed Sep. 1, 2010, andPCT/US2010/047584, titled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR EXPLOITING HUMANFEEDBACK IN AN INTELLIGENT AUTOMATED ASSISTANT, filed Sep. 1, 2010, therespective contents of which are herein incorporated by reference intheir entireties. The reasoning components, as specialized for thedomain of interest by the plug-in(s), take the text input and any othercontextual input, and execute a task flow to generate an output, whichmay include natural language, automated task performance, or any othertype of output result. By providing an architectural separation betweenthe core logic of the generic platform and the domain-specific plug-ins,a domain-capable system can more quickly be implemented—in many caseswith little or no programmer-level involvement in creating thedomain-specific models and no need to rewrite the core generic platformsoftware—so as to support the desired domain-specific flow(s) andconnect to any back end systems that are necessary to support theflow(s).

Embodiments of the present disclosure thus provide a reusable or genericvirtual personal assistant platform, that can be rapidly configured andreconfigured for multiple applications for content searching, contentretrieval and/or transaction completion, among other applications,including: remote banking, electronic shopping/retail applications,customer service applications, transportation information applications,travel planning, medical consultation, military support applications,desktop assistance for assisting a user in completing a workflow on acomputing device, assisting the user in a collaborative workflowincluding the user and another individual (such as an interactivevirtual workspace collaboration, and the like), information discovery,rating of articles, desktop and web search, document management, teamcollaboration, and numerous other tasks.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a virtualpersonal assistant system 100, according to the present disclosure. Inone embodiment, the virtual personal assistant system 100 includes ageneric virtual personal assistant platform 110 that is comprised of aseries of modules 120, 130, 140, 150 and 160 and a memory 170 that arecollectively configured to provide an assistant platform. In oneembodiment, each of the modules 120, 130, 140, 150 and 160 may comprisea hardware processor or a series of hardware processors configured toperform various tasks related to providing an assistant platform. Eachof the processors may execute instructions stored in a memory (withinthe module itself or in memory 170) for performing the describedfunctions. In one embodiment, the virtual personal assistant system isexecuted in a computer processing system, such as the system 300 in FIG.3 and/or the general purpose computer 500 in FIG. 5 specially programmedto perform functions of the virtual personal assistant system. In oneembodiment, the virtual personal assistant system 100 may be configuredusing the additional plug-in(s) 180 (e.g., run-time specifications asone or more domain-specific models), which may include the components ofa domain-specific plug-in language model 182 and a domain-specificplug-in task flow 184. The interrelations between the plug-in languagemodel 182, the plug-in task flow 184 and the generic virtual personalassistant platform 110 are explained in further detail below. Althoughonly one example of a virtual personal assistant system 100 is providedin FIG. 1, it should be understood that other, further, and differentembodiments may be implemented remotely “in the cloud,” such as on aserver connected to the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), a localarea network (LAN), in an enterprise network, and the like. Asillustrated, the main components of the virtual personal assistantsystem 100 are a generic virtual personal assistant platform 110 andplug-in 180 (e.g., domain-specific components).

As illustrated, in one embodiment, the generic virtual personalassistant platform 110 includes an input module 120 that is configuredto take any number of different kinds of inputs, e.g., a language inputor a natural language input in the form of speech or text, a videocapturing gestures made by a user, a click on a region of a display(e.g., a click on an online form), and the like, and then to convert theinput to text. In one embodiment, the input module 120 may comprise aspeech recognition engine, or speech recognition module having a speechrecognition engine/tool such as those available from NUANCECOMMUNICATIONS, INC., DYNASPEAK, the SRI Language Modeling Toolkit(SRILM), or other available speech recognition technologies. In oneembodiment, the speech recognition module may receive audio/speechsignals input via a microphone attached to a computing device (e.g.,where the generic virtual personal assistant platform is implemented ina laptop, a personal computer, mobile device, or the like), via networksources (such as where the generic virtual personal assistant platformis implemented in a networked server attached to a local area network, awide area network, the Internet, and the like), or via other externalsources (such as a USB drive, CD-ROM, floppy disk, etc.). The inputaudio/speech signals may comprise analog voice/speech/audio data, inwhich case the speech recognition tool may include an analog to digitalconverter. In any event, the speech recognition may output text datarepresentative of the input audio/speech data. In some embodiments, aninput may comprise a multimedia input having a video portion and anaudio portion, in which case, the multimedia input may be parsed toextract the audio portion from which speech/language can be recognizedby a speech recognition tool included in the input module. In otherembodiments, gestures may be recognized in the video portion (e.g.,standard gestures such as American Sign Language input, or domainspecific gestures, e.g., trading floor gestures, such as for commoditiestrading, and the like). It should also be noted that in additionalembodiments, the input may comprise automatic speech recognition (ASR)input. For example, an external device may previously have performedautomatic speech recognition, passing the results as an input to theinput module 120.

The generic virtual personal assistant platform 110 also includes asentence-level understanding module 130 which receives text data (e.g.,in the form of a text data file or a stream of text data) from inputmodule 120, and analyzes the text using a number of tools. It should benoted that although the module 130 has been labeled as a sentence-levelunderstanding module, the functionality is not limited to simplyunderstanding full or complete sentence. Rather, the sentence-levelunderstanding module 130 is configured to derive an understanding offragments or other portions of sentences, incomplete sentences, and moregenerally, whatever utterance is input by the user in the current roundof the dialog, regardless of whether or not it strictly comprises a“sentence.”

In one embodiment, the sentence-level understanding module 130 mayimplement a natural language understanding module that includes suchtechnology as the GEMINI Natural Language Understanding System. In oneembodiment, the sentence-level understanding module 130 may includecomponents such as a rule-based grammar module 132 and a statisticalparser module 134. In one embodiment, a hybrid parsing approach may beused—represented by module 136—in which a statistical module 134 isinvoked if rule-based grammar module 132 fails to confidently parse theinput. In some embodiments, the sentence-level understanding module 130may further include other components such as a lexicon and syntacticalrules.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the sentence-levelunderstanding module 130 may also be configured to receive adomain-specific plug-in, such as domain-specific language model 182. Forexample, the domain-specific language model 182 may include grammarrules and semantic information (such as proper nouns, people's names,place names, email addresses, phrases, telephone numbers, dates, times,addresses, and the like) which are specific to the particular domain. Inone embodiment, the domain-specific language model 182 may comprise anontology.

The sentence-level understanding module 130 outputs the results of ananalysis on the input text, which is representative of the user's intentas ascertained so far. In one embodiment, the output, or “user intentarguments,” of sentence-level understanding module 130 may compriseannotated text. For example, in order to keep track of phrase boundariesin the input text, the sentence-level understanding module 130 may storeinformation in the form of text annotations or metadata along with thetext. This representation (i.e., the “user intent arguments”) is thenpassed to the interpreter 140.

It should be noted that in some embodiments, input module 120 andsentence-level understanding module 130 may, in fact, be integratedwithin a single module that provides the functionalities of both theinput module 120 and sentence-level understanding module 130 describedabove.

Interpreter 140 is configured to determine the intent of the user in theparticular application for which the virtual personal assistant system100 has been deployed and in the current context of an on-goinginteractive dialog. For example, if the generic virtual personalassistant 110 has been configured for an online banking applicationthough online banking plug-ins (e.g., plug-ins 180), the interpreter mayapply the intent of the user to the domain-specific task flow 184.

A highly simplified example of a typical task flow is provided in FIG. 2for purposes of illustrating the basic principles of how flows can bedefined by non-programmers, e.g., using a task flow development toolhaving an intuitive graphical representation. In particular, FIG. 2shows a task flow for a dice roll where a simulated dice roll may beinvoked and an outcome can be provided (e.g., the dice is odd, or thedice is even). Note that there is a starting block, 201, ending block299, decision block 230, action blocks 250 and corresponding actions270. These are typical components that are representative of a taskflow. However, other task flow components, (i.e., junctions, forks, andthe like) may be included in a task flow, such as a domain-specific taskflow 184, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. Itshould further be noted that the task flow plug-in 184, in variousembodiments, may not be strictly in the form of graphical task flow 200as shown in FIG. 2 (which is preferably more suitable for use in taskflow development and developer visualization) but is rather in apreferred format for run-time computer execution (e.g., an XML(Extensible Markup Language) document that is automatically derived fromthe graphical task flow), and instructs the computer processor or otherdevice, under the control of generic virtual personal assistant platform110 to follow the defined task flow).

Returning to an example of a banking application, the user intentarguments from sentence-level understanding module 130 may comprise thephrase “check account balance.” The interpreter 140 may determine thatthis corresponds to one of several valid options at a particulardecision point (e.g., a decision block) in the task flow. As such, theinterpreter 140 may decide that the user's intent, with respect to thedomain-specific task flow, is to proceed according to this option of thetask flow.

In one embodiment, the decision of the interpreter 140 is passed to thereasoner 150. The decision of the interpreter 140 may take the form ofinterpreter intent arguments which contain instructions, annotations,metadata and the like, which convey an intent to proceed in the taskflow according to the user selected option. Note that the interpreter140 may follow a generic task flow that is part of the generic virtualpersonal assistant platform 110. However, when a domain-specific plug-in180 is loaded into the generic virtual personal assistant 110, theinterpreter 140, in one embodiment, will follow the plug-in task flow184. In this regard, it should be noted that the generic virtualpersonal assistant platform 110 may be configured for variousapplications and deployments by simply providing differentdomain-specific plug-ins 180.

In any event, the interpreter 140 outputs interpreter intent argumentswhich represent the interpreter's decisions regarding what is the userintent, based upon the output of the sentence level understanding module130 and the domain-specific task flow plug-in 184, and in some casesalso based on feedback from reasoner 150 (as described below).

Reasoner 150 performs tasks responding to the user intent (as determinedby the interpreter 140), by also using the domain-specific plug-in taskflow 184. In some embodiments, reasoner may also provide a qualitativeindication about its decision making processes (e.g., an indicationestimating the likelihood or confidence that a particular decision iscorrect). The reasoner 150 preferably maintains the context and performsits task(s) according to the context. For example, the reasoner 150 maylearn from the interpreter 140 that the user's intent corresponds to thetask flow option “check account balance.” In such case, the reasoner150, based upon the plug-in task flow 184 may determine that a bankaccount number is also required as input from the user. In this example,the reasoner 150 may provide this information back to the interpreter140 such that the interpreter 140 will be disposed to expect a bankaccount number in the near future. Thus, for instance, if theinterpreter 140 receives a string of numbers and/or letters in the nextround of dialog, it will tend to interpret that input as the specifiedaccount number for purposes of the “check account balance” task, andwill be less likely to misinterpret this as a desire for some otheraction in the plug-in task flow 184. At the same time, in this example,reasoner 150 may provide instructions, or reasoner intent arguments, tonatural language generation module 160. For instance, reasoner 150 maydetermine that the user should be prompted to say or enter an accountnumber and/or password for the desired account balance to be checked.Accordingly, the reasoner 150 may send instructions to natural languagegeneration module 160 to create an appropriate output (i.e., a requestto speak/enter the desired account number) at the same time as thereasoner 150 is instructing the interpreter 140 to expect a particulartype of input from the user (i.e., in response to the prompt to beoutput by the natural language generation module 160).

In some embodiments, reasoner 150 may also receive a user's profile asinput, and/or learn an individual user's preferences over time, andadapt its modeling of that user's intent and its behavior with respectto that user accordingly.

In general, the reasoner 150 determines task(s) to execute in responseto the user intent, and sends instructions to other devices, modules,processors, etc. to execute the task, or a portion of such task. A taskmay comprise an action to be taken in response to one or more triggersaccording to a plugged-in task flow. For example, one action/task may beexecuted in response to one trigger, whereas a second action/task may beexecuted in response to another trigger. In one embodiment, the reasoner150 may determine a task to execute that involves generating a spoken ornatural language response to a user. In such case, reasoner 150 mayforward instructions to natural language generation module 160 in orderto formulate an appropriate response. However, it should be understoodthat in some embodiments, the reasoner 150 may determine that a responseshould comprise a non-audio/non-speech output. For example, the reasoner150 may determine that an action should comprise generating a particulardisplay on a region of a screen (e.g., display 192), such as displayingan account balance at an ATM or on a computer screen, instead ofproviding an account balance in audio/natural language/speech form. Thismay be desirable to protect the user's privacy and for securitypurposes, such as in a public setting. Other elements of the taskflow/interaction with the generic virtual personal assistant platform110 may comprise natural language output, in spoken and/or written form.

As noted, the reasoner 150 may send instructions to one or moresupporting modules for performing a task/executing an action. Forexample, if the reasoner 150 determines that the user's intent is tocheck a bank balance, the action(s)/task(s) it determines to execute,may include generating a spoken response to the user informing that theinformation is being retrieved as well as sending instructions to aservice module 193 to interface with an appropriate server to retrievethe user's account information from a database. All of theseinstructions output from the reasoner 150 may, in some embodiments, bereferred to as “reasoner intent arguments.”

It should be noted that in some embodiments, interpreter 140 andreasoner 150 may, in fact, be integrated within a single module (e.g., ageneric task reasoning module) that provides the functionalities of boththe interpreter 140 and reasoner 150 described above.

As implied above, natural language generation module 160 is configuredto generate a natural language response in accordance with a task/actiondetermined by the reasoner 150. In one embodiment, natural languagegeneration module 160 may generate a series of text strings in a streamor file which are passed to voice/speech synthesizer 191. In oneembodiment, natural language generation module 160 generatesinstructions in the form of annotated text, such as SABLE, speechsynthesis markup language (SSML), spoken text markup language (STML) orjava speech markup language (JSML), which are all examples of markuplanguages which may be used to annotate text for text to speechconversion applications. In any case, natural language generation module160 may send instructions to a voice synthesizer 191 for furtherprocessing.

In one embodiment, voice synthesizer 191 may simply store and invokeprerecorded announcements which are played in response to differentinstructions from the natural language generation module 160. In otherembodiments, voice synthesizer 191 may comprise a text to speechsynthesizer such as CEPSTRAL's VOICEFORGE, or similar technology. Thegenerated sound/voice/speech signal may be output to an attached speakeror headset (e.g., in the case where the generic virtual personalassistant platform 110 is implemented in a personal computer, laptopcomputer, mobile device and the like) or may be output to a port orother connection to internal or external network(s). For example,generic virtual personal assistant platform 110 may be implemented as aweb server attached to a WAN or the internet and it accessed by usersvia other devices connected to the network. In such case, the output maybe sent from the generic virtual personal assistant platform 110 back tothe user's device over one or more networks.

In some embodiments, the generic virtual personal assistant platform 110is configured to utilize additional information such as personalizationinformation, date and time information, geographic or other locationinformation, and other information. Such additional information may bein the form of additional run-time specifications, models, or plug-ins,and may be stored in memory 170. In any case, the additional informationmay be made available to one or more of the modules of the genericvirtual personal assistant platform 110. Accordingly, the additionalinformation may represent and provide access to internal and externalinformation required to perform deep understanding of an evolvingdialog, the user and/or the surrounding environment. For example, thevirtual personal assistant system 100 may store information of prioruser interactions with the system. For instance, context information,such as user intents (e.g., user intent arguments, commonly spoken wordsor phrases), records of frequently executed tasks or actions in a taskflow, dates, days of the week, and times that the user is interactingwith the system, the user's location (e.g., a home computer, a homephone, a cellular phone or other mobile device, etc.), and similaruser-related information from prior and current interactions of the userwith the virtual personal assistant system 100 may be stored, e.g., inmemory 170, for use by the various modules.

For example, Interpreter 140 may use prior context information indetermining a user intent with respect to the plug-in task flow 184. Forexample, in 90% of a user's prior interactions with the virtual personalassistant system 100, the user may have checked an account balance for achecking account, whereas the user has both checking and savingsaccounts. The interpreter 140 may indicate to the reasoner 150 (e.g.,via the interpreter output in the form of interpreter intent arguments)that the user's intent is likely to check the checking account balance,with a 90% confidence. Based upon the plug-in task flow 184 and/or thedomain-specific language models 182, the reasoner 150 may determine thatthe task flow should follow a path involving retrieving checking accountinformation. However, at the same time the reasoner 150 may alsodetermine that a response should be provided to the user stating thatthe checking account balance is being retrieved, but that if this isincorrect, that the user should say so. In other words, the interpreter140 and/or reasoner 150 may assume particular user intents with higherlikelihood based upon the past intents. In this way, the most commontasks invoked by the user (i.e., checking the checking account balance)may be prioritized and expedited, while at the same time leaving openthe possibility for the user to correct the assumptions of theinterpreter 140 and or reasoner 150.

As such, the domain-specific task flow may dictate multiple rounds ofongoing dialogs between a user and the virtual personal assistant system100. Thus, in some embodiments, not only does the interpreter 140 and/orreasoner 150 consider a current intention of the user, but may also takeinto account past intentions of the user as expressed in previous roundsof the dialog. For example, the reasoner 150 may additionally rely uponinformation stored in memory, such as the prior context information, inorder to inform its own decision making process. For example, theinterpreter 140 may make a decision that is a “best guess” as to a userintent, while the reasoner 150 is left to decide how to respond to suchuser intent (e.g., as indicated to the reasoner via interpreter intentarguments output from the interpreter 140). For example, the interpreter140 may provide a decision as to a user intent, but there may beparameters missing from the input that are expected for the desiredtransaction. For example, according to the domain-specific task flow 184and/or domain-specific language models 182, a user wishing to check achecking account balance may need to identify and authenticate himselfbefore the system will present the desired information. In such case,the reasoner 150 may determine that the user should be prompted toprovide such information, and that the interpreter 140 should look forsuch information to follow. However, a user may be calling from a known,authorized phone number, computer, or similar endpoint device, or iscalling from a particular location (e.g., from a known home or workaddress) in which case, the reasoner 150 may determine that the user issufficiently credible and that the user need not be prompted foradditional information.

In addition, personalization information and the like may be utilized bythe reasoner 150, (e.g., in the form of a personalized grammar) tosupplement the intent arguments from the interpreter 140. For example,the system 100 may “learn” a user's geographic patterns (e.g., based oncalling phone number(s), global positioning information from a cellularphone, computer, mobile device or other calling device) and determinethat a user spends 80% of his time in New York and 20% of his time inBoston. Suppose the user is interacting with a system 100 configured toprovide a restaurant recommendation according to a related plug-in taskflow 184. Further suppose that the user input to the system expressesthe desire to know of Thai restaurants “near downtown.” The term“downtown,” in isolation, provides minimal geographic description (e.g.,“downtown,” without knowing which town, is unhelpful). However, based onthe user's typical patterns, the reasoner 150 may favor traversing theplug-in task flow 184, performing actions and responding to the userwith the assumption that the user is looking for restaurants pertainingto the cities of New York (with 80% likelihood) and Boston (with 20%likelihood). If the current global positioning information of the useris available to the system 100 (e.g., it is known that the user is incambridge, Mass., very close to Boston proper), then the reasoner 150may adjust its determination that the user is asking for Thairestaurants “near downtown Boston, Mass.” (with, say a 90% confidencelevel). The reasoner 150 may therefore perform actions and traverse theplug-in task flow 184 accordingly.

Similarly, personalization information may further be utilized by theinput module 120 and/or sentence level understanding module 130 (e.g., apersonalized grammar to supplement the built in grammar 132). Forexample, based on prior interactions of the user with the system 100,the system 100 may “learn” that the user spends time in Boston, Mass.and has had interactions with the system pertaining to the Boston RedSox. As such, the term “Sox” or the phrase “the Sox” may be added to apersonalized grammar. As an example, the sentence level understandingmodule 130 may receive the following input text “when is the next sockshome game”. Based on the context of the sentence and/or a personalizedgrammar (that indicates the user's connection to Boston and, inparticular, the Boston Red Sox), the sentence level understanding module130 may determine that the word “socks” should be corrected to “Sox” andthat the text should be annotated or further revised to indicate thatthe phrase “the Sox” means the “Boston Red Sox” (as opposed to thechicago White Sox or simply “socks”).

In this regard, it should be noted that in some cases, thedomain-specific language models 182 may provide the necessary contextfor the sentence level understanding module 130 to make such decisions.For example, the system 100 may be configured as an electronic ticketordering system for sporting events. Thus, for example, the plug-ins 180may define relevant task flows and language models pertaining to anddescribing particular sports, teams, arenas, and the like. As such, thesentence level understanding module 130 may override a generic grammar132 with domain-specific information to determine that a user is askingabout tickets for the Boston Red Sox, as opposed to calling to talkabout “socks.” As such, the sentence level understanding module 130 mayparse phrases or sentence, and correct and annotate the text (e.g., withmetadata) based upon the particulars of the domain (i.e., according tothe domain-specific plug-in(s) 180).

In general, the plugged-in language models 182 may include grammar rulesand semantic information (such as proper nouns, people's names, placenames, email addresses, phrases, telephone numbers, dates, times,addresses, and the like) which are specific to the particular domain.For example, a virtual personal assistant developer (such as a developerof a retail bank-by-phone application) may define grammar rules andsemantic rules which facilitate the correct understanding of the phrase“check balance”. For instance, the phrase “check balance” may have aparticular meaning in the context of a banking domain (e.g., getinformation on how much money is in a bank account), whereas “checkbalance” may mean something entirely different in the context of anautomotive care domain (e.g., ensuring proper distribution of weightover car tires).

In one embodiment, domain-specific task flow 184 may be defined by abusiness developer using a computer-assisted flow development tool toconvert a graphical representation of a task flow into a set of run-timespecifications. A task flow may comprise a flow diagram representing adialog based application, or more specifically, an executable derivedfrom a task flow diagram (e.g., in the form of an XML document, orsimilar programming code). Thus, the plug-in domain-specific task flow184 may be pre-compiled and translated into a set of computer readableand computer executable instructions, such as one or more XML documentsthat can be interpreted by reasoner 150, interpreter 140, and othercomponents of the generic virtual personal assistant platform 110.

Collectively, the virtual personal assistant system 100 has beendescribed as assisting a user with one or more desired tasks withrespect to domain-specific models (e.g., a domain-specific task flowand/or domain-specific language models), through the above describedfunctionalities of the various components of the virtual personalassistant system 100. In one embodiment, the various components ofvirtual personal assistant system 100 are located within a singledevice, such as a single desktop computer, a single mobile device, asingle laptop computer, etc. However, in other embodiments, one or morecomponents of virtual personal assistant system 100 may reside onseparate physical devices, for example, the input module 120 andsentence level understanding module 130 may reside on a first server,the interpreter 140 and reasoner 150 may reside on a second server, andnatural language generation module 160 (and, in some embodiments voicesynthesizer 191) may reside on a third server. Numerous otherconfigurations of this nature are possible in accordance with variousembodiments.

To better understand the present disclosure. FIG. 3 illustrates anexample system 300, in which embodiments of the present disclosure areimplemented in a networked environment. By way of example, a developerof a banking application may develop plug-ins for a virtual personalassistant, such as a task flow and language models, which are providedto another party for deployment in an off-site generic virtual personalassistant platform. For example, the bank may contract with a vendor forweb-hosting or customer service call center services. In addition, awebsite or call center provided by the vendor for the bank may implementone or more virtual personal assistant systems for engagingusers/callers that visit the website or call the customer service callcenter. As such, a virtual personal assistant system may be deployed atthe vendor's site (e.g., on a server), whereas the plug-ins to configurethe generic virtual personal assistant platform are created at thebank's location. Similarly, embodiments of the present disclosure mayprovide virtual personal assistant systems that interact with users overa network (as opposed a stand-alone virtual personal assistant). Forexample, a user may call a customer service call center where the user'scall is answered by a virtual personal assistant. The virtual personalassistant may determine that images should be displayed or sounds beprovided to the user at various junctures in a task flow being followedby the virtual personal assistant. However, the actual display or audiooutput may occur on the user's device remote from the virtual personalassistant itself.

As an example of an environment suitable for implementing suchnetwork-based embodiments, system 300 includes communication network301, developer device 310, server 320 and user device 330, suitable fordeveloping, providing and utilizing virtual personal assistant systems.In the example of FIG. 3, each of the developer device 310, server 320and user device 330 is coupled to the communication network 301 throughlinks 305. Although each of the links 305 is shown as a singlebidirectional link between a respective device and communication network301, this is merely a logical depiction. For example, any of links 305may comprise multiple physical links, wireless channels, andintermediate devices, such as a number of routers, switches, and thelike. In addition, one or more intermediary networks may be traversed byeach of the links 305 in connecting the respective devices to thecommunication network 301. In one embodiment, the communication network301 comprises a packet network, such as the Internet. Broadly, thecommunication network 301 comprises any physical medium (as well aswireless arrangements) capable of interconnecting developer device 310,server 320, user device 330, and other devices, for purposes of datacommunication.

In one embodiment, each of the developer device 310, server 320 and userdevice 330 comprises a general purpose computer configured to performone or more of the particular functions described herein. An exemplarygeneral purpose computer in which all or a portion of the respectivefunctions may be performed is described below in connection with FIG. 5.In one embodiment, developer device 310 comprises a workstation wherevarious plug-ins, such as task flows and language models, may bedeveloped by a developer such as a programmer, a domain expert (e.g., abanker developing a banking task flow and related language models, acustomer service manager developing a customer service task flow, etc.)and others. For example, developer device 310 may be a workstationcomprising a general purpose computer suitable for programming,creating, debugging, installing and running various applications.

Similarly, server 320 may comprise a server configured to install andrun various applications. For example, server 320 may comprise aweb-server or a web-hosting server, a file-transfer protocol server, afirewall device, a switch, a router, a media server, and the like thatis suitable for installing, running and hosting various applications,such a virtual personal assistant system and/or a generic virtualpersonal assistant platform. In one embodiment, server 320 is deployedby a vendor or other third-party providing at least one generic virtualpersonal assistant platform. Accordingly, in one embodiment thedeveloper device 310 may provide via the communication network 301 andlinks 305 one or more plug-ins to the server 320 for deployment within,or configuration of the at least one generic virtual personal assistantplatform. As described above, a generic virtual personal assistantplatform, properly configured with a plug-in task flow and/or languagemodels, may provide a domain-specific virtual personal assistant system.

Accordingly, in one embodiment a user of user device 330 may interactwith a virtual personal assistant system residing on server 320 via thecommunication network 301 and links 305. For example, user device 330may comprise a telephone, cellular phone or similar device, and server320 may reside at a customer call center location. Thus, the user maycall the customer call center via user device 330 where the call isanswered by a virtual personal assistant system residing on server 320.Similarly, user device 330 may comprise a personal computer, smart phoneor similar device that connects to a bank website hosted on server 320.The website may provide, as part of its interface, an online virtualpersonal assistant system to assist users with banking tasks. In anycase, the user, via user device 330, may interact with a virtualpersonal assistant system residing on server 320 using various forms ofinput (e.g., natural language input, spoken input, and other forms ofinput, as described herein).

It should be noted that each of the user device 330, developer device310 and server 320 may comprise multiple devices. For instance, theserver 320 may actually comprise a grouping of physically distinctservers that logically function as a single server 320. Similarly,developer device 310 may actually comprise a cluster of co-locatedcomputers, workstations, smart phones, cellular phones, personal digitalassistants, mobile communication devices, and the like, or even a groupdistributed devices. Additional details and variations of this natureare omitted for simplicity and to improve clarity of understanding withrespect to the claimed embodiments. Broadly, the present disclosure mayinclude any other, further or different network configuration that issuitable for developing, providing and utilizing a virtual personalassistant. Similarly, the present disclosure may include embodiments ina non-networked environment (e.g., in a standalone device, such as apersonal computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant, akiosk, such as an automated teller machine, a vending machine, and thelike). Furthermore, any one or more of server 320, developer device 310and user device 330 may comprise a computer, a server, or similar deviceconfigured to perform the various functions described below inconnection with the exemplary method 400.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method 400 forassisting a user with one or more desired tasks within a domain,according to the present disclosure. The method 400, or at leastportions thereof, may be implemented, for example, by the virtualpersonal assistant system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 (or a server orother device implementing the virtual personal assistant system, e.g.,as shown in FIG. 3). As such, reference may be made in the discussion ofthe method 400 to various components of the generic virtual personalassistant platform 110, as well as other components of the virtualpersonal assistant system 100. However, the method 400 is not limited toimplementation by a virtual personal assistant system configured inaccordance with FIG. 1, and may, in fact, be implemented by asystem/device(s) having alternative configurations and components. Forexample, the method may be performed by the general purpose computerillustrated in FIG. 5, specifically programmed to perform steps of themethod 400 (e.g., instructions stored in a virtual assistant moduleand/or memory and executed by a processor).

The method 400 is initialized at step 405 and proceeds to step 410,where the method provides an executable, generic language understandingmodule. For example, in one embodiment a generic language understandingmodule comprises a sentence level understanding module that can beexecuted (e.g., by a processor). In one embodiment, a sentence levelunderstanding module comprises at least a grammar and a statisticalparser. In some embodiments, a sentence level understanding modulefurther comprises a hybrid, a lexicon, syntactical rules and/or othercomponents. An exemplary sentence-level understanding module 130 isdescribed above in connection with FIG. 1. In various embodiments of thepresent disclosure, the generic language understanding module may alsobe configured to implement a set of run-time specifications in the formof one or more domain-specific models, or plug-ins, as described infurther detail below in connection with step 430.

In some embodiments, the generic language understanding module providedat step 410 may also include an input module in addition to asentence-level understanding module. For example, an input module,according to various embodiments, may be configured to take any numberof different kinds of inputs, e.g., a language input or natural languageinput in the form of speech or text, a video, gestures, a click on aregion of a display (e.g., a click on an online form), and the like, andconvert to text. In various embodiments, the input module passes a textoutput to the sentence level understanding module. An exemplary inputmodule 120 is described above in connection with FIG. 1. In addition, instill other embodiments, a generic language understanding module mayalso include an interpreter component (e.g., interpreter 140 in FIG. 1)which may provide context-level awareness and understanding.

Following step 410, the method 400 proceeds to step 420 where anexecutable, generic task reasoning module is provided. For example, insome embodiments a generic task reasoning module may include a reasonercomponent (e.g., reasoner 150 in FIG. 1). In some embodiments, a generictask reasoning module may also include an interpreter component (e.g.,interpreter 140 in FIG. 1).

For example, an interpreter may comprise a generic component that isconfigurable, or configured to implement a set of run-timespecifications, including a domain-specific task flow, as described infurther detail below in connection with step 430. An example of asimplified task flow is provided in FIG. 2. In one embodiment, theinterpreter is configured to extract a user intent from an annotatedtext, which the interpreter accepts as an input. For example, theinterpreter may receive an input in the form of annotated text from anexecutable, generic language understanding module provided at step 410(or from a sentence level understanding module that is a componentthereof). The interpreter then extracts a user intent from the inputannotated text. In one embodiment, the interpreter makes decisionsregarding the user intent by considering the input annotated text inconnection with a plug-in task flow, described below.

In various embodiments, the generic task reasoning module provided atstep 420 also includes a reasoner that performs tasks responding to auser intent (e.g., as determined by the interpreter). In someembodiments, the reasoner also implements a domain-specific plug-in taskflow as described in further detail below in connection with step 430.The reasoner may be responsible for maintaining a context and providinga qualitative indication about its decision making processes (e.g., anindication estimating the likelihood or confidence that a particulardecision is correct). Thus, in some embodiments the reasoner may alsoperform its task(s) according to the context. In some embodiments, thereasoner may also learn a user's profile and preferences and adapt itsbehavior accordingly. Some of the actions which the reasoner may takeinclude: providing feedback information to the interpreter, providingfeedback to the generic language understanding module, providinginstructions to output devices, and other actions. In general, thereasoner determines task(s) to execute in response to the user intent,and send instructions to other devices, modules, processors, etc. toexecute the task, or a portion of such task.

In step 430, the method 400 receives a set of run-time specifications(e.g., domain-specific plug-in(s), such as plug-ins 180 in FIG. 1). Forexample, the method may receive domain-specific language model(s) and adomain-specific task flow which may comprise one or more instructions inthe form of one or more XML documents. In one embodiment, thedomain-specific task flow is used to configure the generic taskreasoning module provided in step 420.

The run-time specification may also include one or more domain-specificlanguage models. For example, a developer may define domain-specificlanguage models that might contain definitions associating names ofobjects such as classes, relations, functions, and the like withhuman-readable text describing what the names mean, and formal axiomsthat constrain the interpretation of such terms as user defined codes,types, calls to particular servers, databases and legacy systems, etc.The domain-specific language models may include grammar rules andsemantic information (such as proper nouns, people's names, place names,email addresses, phrases, telephone numbers, dates, times, addresses,and the like) which are specific to the particular domain. For example,a virtual personal assistant developer (such as a developer of a retailbank-by-phone application) may define grammar rules and semantic ruleswhich facilitate the correct understanding of the phrase “checkbalance”. For instance, the phrase “check balance” may have a particularmeaning in the context of a banking domain (e.g., get information on howmuch money is in a bank account), whereas “check balance” may meansomething entirely different in the context of an automotive care domain(e.g., ensuring proper distribution of weight over car tires).

At step 430, the method 400 may further configure the generic languageunderstanding module and the generic task reasoning module provided atsteps 410 and 420 respectively, with the set of run time specifications(e.g., a domain-specific task flow file and one or more domain-specificlanguage models). For example, a domain-specific task flow file may beincorporated into or made available to the generic task reasoningmodule. Similarly, domain-specific language model(s) may be madeavailable to or incorporated in the generic language understandingmodule. Once the set of run-time specification (e.g., a domain-specifictask flow file and one or more domain-specific language models) areincorporated into or made available to the generic task reasoning moduleand the generic language understanding module, the generic taskreasoning module and the generic language understanding module,collectively, are effectively transformed into a domain-specific virtualpersonal assistant system that is configured for a particular domain inaccordance with the run-time specifications. Such, a domain-specificvirtual personal assistant system is thus configured to receive andprocess an input in accordance with the run-time specifications in orderto determine various user intents and respond appropriately to suchintents.

Accordingly, in step 440, the method 400 receives a language input. Inone embodiment, the language input may comprise annotated text (e.g.,received from an input module). In other embodiments, the input maycomprise analog or digital voice signals (e.g. speech), a video file,text (e.g., un-annotated text), and other inputs. For example, a usermay call a designated telephone number (e.g., a 1-800 number or othertoll free number) which connects the caller to an interactive voiceresponse system or server. The method may then prompt the user tobriefly describe the reason for the call. The method 400 may includerecording the user's speech into an audio file or audio stream.

When the user is finished speaking (or simultaneous with the userspeaking) or when the entire audio stream/file is received, the method400 proceeds to step 450. In step 450, the method 400 determines a userintention from the language input (e.g., from the audio stream). In oneembodiment, the method 400 converts the audio stream to a text file, ortext stream and performs a language understanding process (e.g., anatural language understanding process) on the text to generateunderstood language. In one embodiment, the language understandingprocess attempts to discern semantic information from the text (i.e.,not only the words in the text, but the boundaries of phrases, and themeanings of such phrases and words within the particular context ordomain). For example, the language understanding process may involvesub-steps of tokenizing, speech tagging and determining phrases, amongothers. Speech tagging may involve recognizing parts of speech, such asdirect objects, verbs and indirect objects. In one embodiment, themethod 400 performs the natural language understanding process and itssub-steps (such as tokenizing, tagging and phrase determining sub-steps)by implementing tools such as a grammar, a lexicon, syntactical rules,and a parser in addition to the domain-specific language model(s)received at step 430.

In one embodiment, following the performing of the languageunderstanding process (e.g., via the generic language understandingmodule), the method 400 may output the results of the analysis (which,in some embodiments is referred to as “user intent arguments”), which isrepresentative of the user's intent. In one embodiment, the output maytake the form of annotations to the input text. For example, in order tokeep track of the phrase boundaries determined by a phrase determinationsub-step, the method 400 may include text annotations or metadata alongwith a text output. In the example described above, if the phrase “checkbalance” is found in a text stream, the method 400 may tag the text withmetadata noting the meaning/intention of the phrase as “get informationon how much money is in a bank account”.

Also in step 450, the method 400 further processes the understoodtext/speech (e.g., the annotated text) to determine a user intent basedon the run-time specifications received at step 430. In one embodiment,the method 400 determines the user intent via the generic task reasoningmodule. In one embodiment, the method 400 applies the intention of theuser to a task flow according to a domain-specific task flow plug-inincluded in the run-time specifications. For example, if the method 400annotates an input text via a generic language understanding module withan indication that “check balance” is a phrase that should beinterpreted as a whole, the generic task reasoning module may, havingbeen configured with a domain-specific task flow plug-in, determine that“check balance” indicates an intention to “get information on how muchmoney is in a bank account.” In other words, the method 400 may thencompare the user's intention to a number of options in thedomain-specific task flow. For example, if a user expresses an intentionto check the bank balance; the method 400 must first determine that thiscorresponds to an option in the task flow. The method may, for example,examine the task flow file to determine the action that best correspondsto the intention. For example, a check bank balance action may betriggered by receiving an input expressing an intention to check thebank balance. In one embodiment, the method 400 determines the intentionof the user according to the task flow file using an interpreter of thegeneric task reasoning module, which outputs instructions in the form ofintents/arguments to a reasoner of the generic task reasoning module,which completes actions in accordance with the determined intentions.

Accordingly, at step 460, the method 400 assists the user with one ormore desired tasks, such as content search, content retrieval,transaction completion, and the like, in accordance with the determinedintention of the user. For example, the method 400 may refer to adomain-specific task flow file (e.g., one of the components of therun-time specifications provided at step 430). For example, if at step450, the method determines that the intention of the user is to check anaccount balance, the domain-specific task flow may indicate that acorresponding action involves prompting a user to enter an accountnumber and password on a keypad. In one embodiment, the method 400determines actions to perform in accordance with the user intention(s)via a reasoner (e.g., one of the components of the generic taskreasoning module).

In general, at step 460 the method 400 will determine the correct orbest matching action to take in response to a specific trigger orintention. In some cases, a user intention may not be determinable bythe method 400 at step 460. For example, an input text may contain noannotations, or an annotation that the input speech is indeterminable,based on the domain specific task flow. In some embodiments, theindeterminate nature of the input speech is itself a trigger in the taskflow with a particular corresponding action. For instance, indeterminatespeech may cause the method 400 (e.g., via a reasoner configured with adomain-specific task flow), to follow a dialog path that includesgenerating a response to the user indicating that the user was notunderstood and suggesting to the user to try again. In addition, theaction may comprise further providing some suggestions to the user suchas more common or standard expressions used for conveying intentionsthat correspond to valid options for the task flow to follow.

In one embodiment, the method 400 assists the user with a desired taskby generating a response based on the determined intent (or lackthereof). In the example, described above, if the method 400 determinesthat a user wants to check a bank account balance (the “trigger”), theplugged-in task flow file may indicate to the method that the usershould be prompted to enter an account number and password on a keypad(the corresponding “action”). In one embodiment, the method 400 maycause a prerecorded announcement to be played asking the user to enterthe account number and password. For example, the method 400 may, viathe generic task reasoning module, send instructions to an outputmodule, such as a display, a natural language generating unit, and thelike.

If the task flow ends after the method 400 takes a particular action orprovides a particular response at step 460, the method proceeds to step495 where the method terminates. However, in many cases, the task flowwill involve an intermediate step. For example, if the method 400 hasjust determined a user wants to check a bank account balance and sent anatural language response to the user requesting the user providefurther information, the method may return to step 440 to receivefurther language input from the user (e.g., further spoken input, keypadentries, facsimile signals, gestures, and the like). In addition, asmentioned above, the method 400 may (e.g., via the generic taskreasoning module) advance a task flow to a different state/step andstore the current state such that, when further audio input is receivedin subsequent iterations of step 440, it will be processed at step 460in accordance with the new step/state of the task flow. Accordingly, inone embodiment, the method 400 provides feedback (e.g., from a reasonerto an interpreter of the generic task reasoning module) updating thestate of a domain-specific task flow as it proceeds from one round of anongoing dialog to the next. In addition, if at step 460, the method 400determines that additional inputs are specifically required toperform/execute a particular task in accordance with the user intention,the method may provide additional feedback (e.g., from a reasoner to aninterpreter of the generic task reasoning module) that particular inputsare likely to follow. For instance, if the method 400 determines that auser's intention is to check a bank balance, the method may furtherdetermine that the user should be prompted to speak an account numberand a password. Thus, the method 400 may generate an output (e.g.,synthesized natural language/speech) prompting the user to speak anaccount number and password. In addition, the method 400 may providefeedback (e.g., from the generic task reasoning module to the genericlanguage understanding module) that input in the form of a combinationof individual letters and numbers will follow. This increases thelikelihood that the method 400 will correctly interpret future input(e.g., by properly segmenting and/or annotating an input text, and thelike).

As such, the domain-specific task flow may dictate multiple rounds in anongoing dialog between a user and the method 400. Thus, in someembodiments, not only does the method 400 consider a current intentionof the user, but may also take into account past intentions of the useras expressed in previous rounds of the dialog (e.g., through prioriterations of steps 440-460). In any case, when the method 400 reachesan ending point in the run-time specifications (e.g., in adomain-specific task flow), the method proceeds to step 495 where themethod terminates.

FIG. 5 is a high level block diagram of a general purpose computingdevice 500 that can be used to implement embodiments of the presentdisclosure for assisting a user with one or more desired tasks, asdescribed above. It should be understood that embodiments of thedisclosure can be implemented as a physical device or subsystem that iscoupled to a processor through a communication channel. Therefore, inone embodiment, a general purpose computing device 500 comprises aprocessor 502, a memory 504, a virtual personal assistant module 505implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., method400, virtual personal assistant system 100), and various input/output(I/O) devices 506 such as a display, a keyboard, a mouse, a modem, andthe like. In one embodiment, at least one I/O device is a storage device(e.g., a disk drive, an optical disk drive, a floppy disk drive).

Alternatively, embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., virtualpersonal assistant module 505) can be represented by one or moresoftware applications (or even a combination of software and hardware,e.g., using Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)), where thesoftware is loaded from a storage medium (e.g., I/O devices 506) andoperated by the processor 502 in the memory 504 of the general purposecomputing device 500. Thus, in one embodiment, the virtual personalassistant module 505 for assisting a user with one or more desired tasksdescribed herein with reference to the preceding Figures can be storedon a computer readable medium (e.g., RAM, magnetic or optical drive ordiskette, and the like).

It should be noted that although not explicitly specified, one or moresteps of the methods described herein may include a storing, displayingand/or outputting step as required for a particular application. Inother words, any data, records, fields, and/or intermediate resultsdiscussed in the methods can be stored, displayed, and/or outputted toanother device as required for a particular application. Furthermore,steps or blocks in the accompanying Figures that recite a determiningoperation or involve a decision, do not necessarily require that bothbranches of the determining operation be practiced. In other words, oneof the branches of the determining operation can be deemed as anoptional step.

Although various embodiments which incorporate the teachings of thepresent disclosure have been shown and described in detail herein, thoseskilled in the art can readily devise many other varied embodiments thatstill incorporate these teachings.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a computingsystem comprising one or more computing devices, a contextual input;determining, by the computing system, from the contextual input, anintention of a user with respect to one or more tasks, by an executablegeneric interpreter module and a run-time specification comprising amodel configured to a specific field of use; and performing, by thecomputing system without interacting with a human intermediary, adomain-specific task in accordance with the intention of the user, by anexecutable generic task reasoning module and a run-time specificationcomprising a task flow configured to the specific field of use.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the contextual input comprises textindicative of a geographic location, current global positioning data, apattern of global positioning data, or data relating to any one or moreof the following: an interactive voice response system, an airlineinformation system, a web page, a digital image, a telephone bankingapplication, an e-commerce application, a social media application, amobile device application, a ticket purchase application, contentsearching, content retrieval, transaction completion, remote banking,electronic shopping, customer service, transportation, travel planning,medical consultation, military support, desktop assistance, business,information discovery, document management, collaboration, biometrics,security, automotive care, an automated teller machine, a vendingmachine, a web server, a network, a cell phone, a mobile device, alaptop computer, a microphone, a restaurant application, a sporting orrecreation event application.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thecontextual input comprises text indicative of any one or more of thefollowing: a user characteristic, a tone of voice, a facial expression.4. The method of claim 1, wherein the generic task reasoning module usesthe contextual input and the run-time specification comprising a taskflow configured to the specific field of use to generate an output thatcomprises any one or more of the following: natural language, automatedtask performance.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the contextual inputcomprises any one or more of the following made by a user in aninteraction with the computing system: speech, text, video, a gesture, auser interface interaction.
 6. The method of claim 1, comprising using,by the generic interpreter module or the generic task reasoning module,the contextual input to choose an option of a task flow embodied in therun-time specification comprising a task flow configured to the specificfield of use.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the contextual inputcomprises any one or more of the following: data from one or more roundsof user dialog, prior user intents, prior user intent arguments,commonly spoken words, commonly spoken phrases, frequently executedtasks, dates of user interactions, days of the week of userinteractions, times of user interactions, learned semantic information.8. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media having storedthereon a plurality of instructions, which, when executed by one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to perform operationscomprising: receiving, by a computing system comprising one or morecomputing devices, a contextual input; determining, by the computingsystem without interacting with a human intermediary, from thecontextual input, an intention of a user with respect to one or moretasks, by an executable generic interpreter module and a run-timespecification comprising a model configured to a specific field of use;and performing, by the computing system, a domain-specific task inaccordance with the intention of the user, by an executable generic taskreasoning module and a run-time specification comprising a task flowconfigured to the specific field of use.
 9. The one or morenon-transitory computer-readable media of claim 8, wherein thecontextual input comprises text indicative of a geographic location,current global positioning data, a pattern of global positioning data,or data relating to any one or more of the following: an interactivevoice response system, an airline information system, a web page, adigital image, a telephone banking application, an e-commerceapplication, a social media application, a mobile device application, aticket purchase application, content searching, content retrieval,transaction completion, remote banking, electronic shopping, customerservice, transportation, travel planning, medical consultation, militarysupport, desktop assistance, business, information discovery, documentmanagement, team collaboration, biometrics, security, automotive care,an automated teller machine, a vending machine, a web server, a network,a cell phone, a mobile device, a laptop computer, a microphone, arestaurant application, a sporting or recreation event application. 10.The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 8,wherein the contextual input comprises text indicative of any one ormore of the following: a user characteristic, a tone of voice, a facialexpression.
 11. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable mediaof claim 8, wherein the generic task reasoning module uses thecontextual input and the run-time specification comprising a task flowconfigured to the specific field of use to generate an output thatcomprises any one or more of the following: natural language, automatedtask performance.
 12. The one or more non-transitory computer-readablemedia of claim 8, wherein the contextual input comprises any one or moreof the following: speech, text, video, a gesture, a user interfaceinteraction.
 13. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable mediaof claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, perform operations comprising using, by the genericinterpreter module or the generic task reasoning module, the contextualinput to choose an option of a task flow embodied in the run-timespecification comprising a task flow configured to the specific field ofuse.
 14. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim8, wherein the contextual input comprises any one or more of thefollowing: data from one or more rounds of user dialog, prior userintents, prior user intent arguments, commonly spoken words, commonlyspoken phrases, frequently executed tasks, dates of user interactions,days of the week of user interactions, times of user interactions,learned semantic information.
 15. An apparatus comprising one or moreprocessors configured to perform operations comprising: receiving, by acomputing system comprising one or more computing devices, a contextualinput; determining, by the computing system, from the contextual input,an intention of a user with respect to one or more tasks, by anexecutable generic interpreter module and a run-time specificationcomprising a model configured to a specific field of use; andperforming, by the computing system without interacting with a humanintermediary, a domain-specific task in accordance with the intention ofthe user, by an executable generic task reasoning module and a run-timespecification comprising a task flow configured to the specific field ofuse.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the contextual inputcomprises text indicative of any one or more of the following: a usercharacteristic, a tone of voice, a facial expression, or text indicativeof a geographic location, current global positioning data, a pattern ofglobal positioning data, or data relating to any one or more of thefollowing: an interactive voice response system, an airline informationsystem, a web page, a digital image, a telephone banking application, ane-commerce application, a social media application, a mobile deviceapplication, a ticket purchase application, content searching, contentretrieval, transaction completion, remote banking, electronic shopping,customer service, transportation, travel planning, medical consultation,military support, desktop assistance, business, information discovery,document management, team collaboration, biometrics, security,automotive care, an automated teller machine, a vending machine, a webserver, a network, a cell phone, a mobile device, a laptop computer, amicrophone, a restaurant application, a sporting or recreation eventapplication.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the generic taskreasoning module uses the contextual input and the run-timespecification comprising a task flow configured to the specific field ofuse to generate an output that comprises any one or more of thefollowing: natural language, automated task performance.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 15, wherein the contextual input comprises any one ormore of the following: speech, text, video, a gesture, a user interfaceinteraction.
 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the apparatus isconfigured to perform operations comprising using, by the genericinterpreter module or the generic task reasoning module, the contextualinput to choose an option of a task flow embodied in the run-timespecification comprising a task flow configured to the specific field ofuse.
 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the contextual inputcomprises any one or more of the following: data from one or more roundsof user dialog, prior user intents, prior user intent arguments,commonly spoken words, commonly spoken phrases, frequently executedtasks, dates of user interactions, days of the week of userinteractions, times of user interactions, learned semantic information.